@Chris Stewart 
I have updated my post and hopefully this gives some more clarity. 

I did try your suggestion with a few minor adjustments to the ones in bold but it did not pull anything unfortunately. 

SELECT *                      
FROM PhysTable                        
WHERE ProviderName = 'DOE, JOE' AND Type = 'NPI' 
AND ProvId =(
             Select ProvId 
             from PhysTable 
             where ProviderName = 'DOE,JOE' 
              AND Type='NPI' 
              and IdentityId = '345678'
            )