What is the most efficient way to debug encoding characters issues?

Hello, how are you?

Using Healthshare for Interoperability, we often see a wide variety of encoding issues. Some happen when transforming XML to HL7. Some happen the other ay around transforming HL7 to XML.

Is there a valid way to understand which encoding needs to be used?

I ask, because we use SOAP or REST or TCP HL7 services.

And we deliver messages with TCP HL7, SOAP, HTTP Operations.

And we often face this issue where special characters like ñ or á, are not encoded correctly.

Thanks for your replies.